Some protein shakes, protein bars, and other packaged foodstuffs have lengthy ingredient lists. While it is possible to spot theanimal-derived ingredients, the e numbers can be confusing. Here is a complete listing to use as a guide so you can easily spot which e numbers are vegan.
What are E Numbers?
E numbers are a form of short-hand to identify food additives. They could be as innocent as E300 which is vitamin C, or as harmful as E621 which is MSG. So all e numbers are not created equal. Some are derived from animal products like E441 which is gelatin, while others are vegan like E460 which is plant fiber known as cellulose.
E Number Types
E numbers are divided into groups of additive type and usage. The groupings are interesting to get a general idea of the layout of the listings and to understand why they are used in the product; however, e numbers can often be used for a number of purposes so they may appear to be classified incorrectly in some instances.
Which E Numbers Are Vegan?
While e numbers hide many harmful ingredients and animal products behind a simple number, many of them are vegan.
It’s important to remember that just because an e number is vegan doesn’t mean it’s healthy. For example, E509 which is calcium chloride is a vegan salt naturally found in limestone, but it’s highly toxic. When taken in adequate amounts it can lead to burns in the mouth, and stomach ulceration. Yet when used in small amounts as a firming agent in jams it can be safe.
Another thing to keep in mind, even vegan e numbers are often tested on animals. This listing does not account for animal testing, it only refers to the source material of the ingredient.
Shortlist of E Numbers That Are Definitely Not Vegan
These e numbers are not vegan:
x E120 — Carmine Dye from Cochineal beetles
x E441 — Gelatin
x E542 — Edible Bone Phosphate
x E901 — Beeswax
x E904 — Shellac – Resin from Lac Bug
x E913 — Lanolin, sheep wool grease
Key to Vegan Status
We live in exciting times for veganism as manufacturers are increasingly moving towards using plant-based ingredients. This makes it more difficult to be 100% accurate with a listing like this as new plant-based ingredients enter the market. This key is used to let you know which e numbers are vegan the majority of the time, which could be from either animal or plant sources, and which are definitely from animal sources.
√ Vegan e numbers — typically of plant, mineral or synthetic origin.
? Possibly animal-derived e numbers — both vegan and non-vegan versions are used. Please contact the supplier directly and ask them to use a vegan version.
x E numbers that are not vegan — definitely made from animal products or animal byproducts.
Complete Listing of E Numbers
Here is a complete listing of e numbers. It’s useful to have this guide with you when you’re shopping, so bookmark this page for your e number emergencies.
Food Colorings — Yellows
√ E100 is vegan — Curcumin. Natural color from the turmeric plant. Yellow food colorant used in curry powders, cheeses and mustard
√ E101 is vegan — Riboflavin — Vitamin B2. Visit the A-Z Guide to find out more .
√ E101a is vegan — Riboflavin-5-Phosphate. An orange-red food coloring used in sweets, jams and baby food.
√ E102 is vegan— Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5.) A synthetic yellow azo dye used in processed foods like cereals, sweets, soft drinks and pastries.
√ E103 is vegan — Alkannin. A natural red/brown dye sourced from borage plants grown in the south of France. It is violet in an alkaline substance and dark red in an oily product. used in wines, pastries, and sweets.
√ E104 is vegan — Quinoline Yellow WS. Greenish-yellow food coloring. Mostly used in food coatings and sauces.
√ E105 is vegan — Fast Yellow AB. Toxic, linked to asthma. This food coloring has been banned in Europe and U.S.
√ E106 is vegan — Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate. A more soluble version of Vitamin B2.
√ E107 is vegan — Yellow 2G – synthetic yellow Azon dye. It’s banned in the U.S.
Food Colourings — Oranges
√ E110 is vegan — Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6). Derived from petroleum. It is used to make sweets, preserved fruits and sauces yellow; and combined with E123 (Amaranth) to color caramel and chocolates browner.
√ E111 is vegan — Orange GGN (Alpha-napthol). Azon dye forbidden to be used as a food additive.
Food Colourings — Reds
x E120 is not vegan — Carmine Dye (Crimson Lake, Natural Red 4). Derived from Cochineal beetles. The beetles produce the acid as a defense against predators. The beetles are boiled in a sodium carbonate or ammonia solution to extract the coloring.
√ E121 is vegan — Citrus Red 2. Artificial orange dye used to color the skin of oranges, but only where the skin will be thrown away as it is not safe to eat.
√ E122 is vegan — Carmoisine (Azorubine). An azo dye listed in the E.U. as a colorant in dried fruit, alcoholic drinks and cheeses.
√ E123 is vegan — Amaranth (FD&C Red2). A red azo dye made from petroleum byproducts. Banned in the U.S.
√ E124 is vegan — Ponceau 4R (Brilliant Scarlet 4R). Even though it is also known as Cochineal Red A, it is not of animal origin — it is a synthetic food dye. Used in cheese, preserved fruit, sauces, meats, desserts, soft drinks, and alcoholic drinks.
√ E125 is vegan — Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN. A red azo dye. Banned as a food additive in the U.S.
√ E126 is vegan — Ponceau 6R. A red azo dye. A very common food additive.
√ E127 is vegan — Erythrosine (FD&C Red3). A cherry-pink dye. It is an organic compound made from coal tar. Used in sweets, cake decorating gels and on pistachio shells.
√ E128 is vegan — Red 2G. A synthetic red azo dye. Banned in many countries.
√ E129 is vegan — Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40). A synthetic sodium salt. Used in dairy products, sweets and soft drinks.
Food Colourings — Blues and Violets
√ E130 is vegan — Indanthrene Blue RS. And organic dye. Banned in the U.S.
√ E131 is vegan — Patent Blue V. A sky-blue synthetic dye. Used in jelly desserts.
√ E132 is vegan — Indigo carmine (Indigotine, FD&C Blue 2). A blue (pH 11.4) or yellow (pH 13.0) organic salt. Used to color capsules.
√ E133 is vegan — Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1). A synthetic, organic compound. Used in supplements. (Find out how supplements are made.) and processed foods.
Food Colourings — Greens
√ E140 is vegan— Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins. A semi-synthetic water-soluble salt derived from cyanobacteria, algae and green plants. Used in spirits and pastas.
√ E141 is vegan — Created by adding Copper to Chlorophylls or Chlorophyllins. More stable than E140.
√ E142 is vegan — Green S. Synthetic coloring derived from coal tar. Used in sweets, mint sauce and canned peas. Banned in the U.S.
√ E143 is vegan — Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3). Seldom used, but found in mint jelly, canned peas, desserts, and sauces. Thought to be toxic. Banned in the E.U.
Food Colourings — Browns and Blacks
√ E150a is vegan — Plain Caramel. Made from melting sugar. Used widely in many foodstuffs like chocolate, alcoholic beverages, chips, gravy, soft drinks, etc.
√ E150b is vegan
√ E150c is vegan
√ E150d is vegan
√ E151 is vegan
√ E152 is vegan
? E153 might not be vegan — Carbon black, Vegetable carbon
√ E154 is vegan
√ E155 is vegan
Food Colourings — Gold and Others
√ E160a is vegan
√ E160b is vegan
√ E160c is vegan
√ E160d is vegan
√ E160e is vegan
√ E160f is vegan
√ E161a is vegan
√ E161b is vegan
√ E161c is vegan
√ E161d is vegan
√ E161e is vegan
√ E161f is vegan
? E161g might not be vegan — Canthaxanthin
? E161h might not be vegan — Zeaxanthin
? E161i might not be vegan — Citranaxanthin
? E161j might not be vegan — Astaxanthin
√ E162 is vegan — natural red/purple coloring, sourced from beetroots. Most often used in tomato products, jelly, ice cream, sauces and jam.
√ E163 is vegan
√ E170 is vegan
√ E171 is vegan
√ E172 is vegan
√ E173 is vegan
√ E174 is vegan
√ E175 is vegan
√ E180 is vegan
√ E181 is vegan
Preservatives — Sorbates
√ E200 is vegan
√ E201 is vegan
√ E202 is vegan
√ E203 is vegan
Preservatives — Benzoates
√ E210 is vegan
√ E211 is vegan — Sodium benzoate is synthetically produced from benzoic acid which is sourced from plants, or bacteria in the fermentation process. It is present as citric acid in jams, acetic acid in vinegar, and carbonic acid in soft drinks.
√ E212 is vegan
√ E213 is vegan
√ E214 is vegan
√ E215 is vegan
√ E216 is vegan
√ E217 is vegan
√ E218 is vegan
√ E219 is vegan
Preservatives — Sulfites
√ E220 is vegan
√ E221 is vegan
√ E222 is vegan
√ E223 is vegan
√ E224 is vegan
√ E225 is vegan
√ E226 is vegan
√ E227 is vegan
√ E228 is vegan
Preservatives — Phenols and Formates (Methanoates)
√ E230 is vegan
√ E231 is vegan
√ E232 is vegan
√ E233 is vegan
√ E234 is vegan
√ E235 is vegan
√ E236 is vegan
√ E237 is vegan
√ E238 is vegan
√ E239 is vegan
Preservatives — Nitrates
√ E240 is vegan
√ E242 is vegan
√ E249 is vegan
√ E250 is vegan
? E252 mght not be vegan — Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre)
√ E251 is vegan
Preservatives — Acetates (Ethanoates)
√ E260 is vegan
√ E261 is vegan
√ E262 is vegan
√ E263 is vegan
√ E264 is vegan
Preservatives — Lactates
√ E270 is vegan
Preservatives — Propionates (Propanoates)
√ E280 is vegan
√ E281 is vegan
√ E282 is vegan
√ E283 is vegan
√ E284 is vegan
√ E285 is vegan
Preservatives — Others
√ E290 is vegan
√ E296 is vegan
√ E297 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Ascorbates (Vitamin C)
√ E300 is vegan
√ E301 is vegan
√ E302 is vegan
√ E303 is vegan
√ E304 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
√ E306 is vegan
√ E307 is vegan
√ E309 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Gallates and Erythorbates
√ E310 is vegan
√ E311 is vegan
√ E312 is vegan
√ E315 is vegan
√ E316 is vegan
√ E317 is vegan
√ E318 is vegan
√ E319 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Lactates
√ E320 is vegan
√ E321 is vegan
? E322 might not be vegan — Lecithin
? E325 might not be vegan — Sodium lactate
? E326 might not be vegan — Potassium lactate
? E327 might not be vegan — Calcium lactate
√ E329 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Citrates and Tartrates
√ E330 is vegan
√ E331 is vegan
√ E332 is vegan
√ E333 is vegan
√ E334 is vegan
√ E335 is vegan
√ E336 is vegan
√ E337 is vegan
√ E338 is vegan
√ E339 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Phosphates
√ E340 is vegan
√ E341 is vegan
√ E343 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Malates and Adipates
√ E350 is vegan
√ E351 is vegan
√ E352 is vegan
√ E353 is vegan
√ E354 is vegan
√ E355 is vegan
√ E356 is vegan
√ E357 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Succinates and Fumarates
√ E363 is vegan
√ E365 is vegan
√ E366 is vegan
√ E367 is vegan
Antioxidants and Acidity Regulators — Others
√ E370 is vegan
√ E375 is vegan
√ E380 is vegan
√ E381 is vegan
√ E385 is vegan
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Alginates
√ E400 is vegan
√ E401 is vegan
√ E402 is vegan
√ E403 is vegan
√ E404 is vegan
√ E405 is vegan
√ E406 is vegan— Agar (Gelling Agent). Derived from boiling red algae. Used as a gelling agent in vegan soups, ice cream, cheeses and desserts. Buy Agar here…
√ E407 is vegan
√ E407a is vegan
√ E408 is vegan — Bakers yeast Glycan. A natural polysaccharide produced from dried yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) grown on seaweed (Furcellaria fastigata). Most often used in ice cream, cheese spreads, and salad dressings
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Natural Gums
√ E410 is vegan
√ E412 is vegan
√ E413 is vegan
√ E414 is vegan
√ E415 is vegan
√ E416 is vegan
√ E417 is vegan
√ E418 is vegan
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Other Natural Agents
√ E420 is vegan
√ E421 is vegan
? E422 might not be vegan — Glycerol
√ E425 is vegan
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Polyoxyethene Compounds
√ E430 is vegan
√ E431 is vegan
? E432 might not be vegan — Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20)
? E433 might not be vegan — Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80)
? E434 might not be vegan — Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40)
? E435 might not be vegan — Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60)
? E436 might not be vegan — Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate (polysorbate 65)
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Natural Emulsifiers
√ E440 is vegan
x E441 is not vegan — Gelatin
? E442 might not be vegan — Ammonium phosphatides
√ E444 is vegan
√ E445 is vegan
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Phosphates
√ E450 is vegan — Potassium and sodium di-phosphates. Produced synthetically from phosphoric acid and carbonates. Used in baking powder to leaven baked goods, in potato prouducts to keep white color, and in cured meats to retain moisture.
√ E451 is vegan
√ E452 is vegan
√ E459 is vegan
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Cellulose Compounds
√ E460 is vegan
√ E461 is vegan
√ E462 is vegan
√ E463 is vegan
√ E464 is vegan
√ E465 is vegan
√ E466 is vegan
√ E468 is vegan
√ E469 is vegan
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Fatty Acids and Compounds
? E470a might not be vegan — Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids
? E470b might not be vegan — Magnesium salts of fatty acids
? E471 might not be vegan — Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate)
? E472a might not be vegan — Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
? E472b might not be vegan — Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acid
? E472c might not be vegan — Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
? E472d might not be vegan — Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
? E472e might not be vegan — Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
? E472f might not be vegan — Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
? E473 might not be vegan — Sucrose esters of fatty acids
? E474 might not be vegan — Sucroglycerides
? E475 might not be vegan — Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
? E476 might not be vegan — Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
? E477 might not be vegan — Propane-1, 2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids
? E478 might not be vegan — Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1
? E479b might not be vegan — Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
? E481 might not be vegan — Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate
? E482 might not be vegan — Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate
? E483 might not be vegan — Stearyl tartrate
Thickening Agents, Stabilizers and Emulsifiers — Others
? E491 might not be vegan — Sorbitan monostearate
? E492 might not be vegan — Sorbitan tristearate
? E493 might not be vegan — Sorbitan monolaurate
? E494 might not be vegan — Sorbitan monooleate
? E495 might not be vegan — Sorbitan monopalmitate
pH Regulators and Anti-Caking Agents — Mineral Acids
√ E500 is vegan
√ E501 is vegan
√ E503 is vegan
√ E504 is vegan
√ E507 is vegan
√ E508 is vegan
√ E509 is vegan
pH Regulators and Anti-Caking Agents — Chlorides and Sulfates
√ E510 is vegan
√ E511 is vegan
√ E512 is vegan
√ E513 is vegan
√ E517 is vegan
√ E518 is vegan
√ E519 is vegan
pH Regulators and Anti-Caking Agents — Sulfates and Hydroxides
√ E520 is vegan
√ E521 is vegan
√ E522 is vegan
√ E523 is vegan
√ E524 is vegan
√ E525 is vegan
√ E526 is vegan
√ E528 is vegan
√ E529 is vegan
pH Regulators and Anti-Caking Agents — Alkali Metal Compounds
√ E530 is vegan
√ E535 is vegan
√ E536 is vegan
√ E538 is vegan
√ E540 is vegan
√ E541 is vegan
x E542 is not vegan — Edible Bone Phosphate (not aligned with its categorization)
√ E543 is vegan
√ E544 is vegan
√ E545 is vegan
pH Regulators and Anti-Caking Agents — Silicates
√ E550 is vegan
√ E551 is vegan
√ E552 is vegan
√ E553b is vegan
√ E554 is vegan
√ E555 is vegan
√ E556 is vegan
√ E558 is vegan
√ E559 is vegan
pH Regulators and Anti-Caking Agents — Stearates and Gluconates
√ E570 is vegan
√ E572 is vegan
√ E574 is vegan
√ E575 is vegan
√ E576 is vegan
√ E577 is vegan
√ E578 is vegan
√ E579 is vegan
pH Regulators and Anti-Caking Agents — Others
? E585 might not be vegan — Ferrous lactate
Flavour Enhancers — Glutamates and Guanylates
√ E620 is vegan
√ E621 is vegan
√ E622 is vegan
√ E623 is vegan
√ E624 is vegan
√ E625 is vegan
√ E626 is vegan
? E627 might not be vegan — Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate
√ E628 is vegan
√ E629 is vegan
Flavour Enhancers — Inosinates
√ E630 is vegan
? E631 might not be vegan — Disodium inosinate
√ E632 is vegan
√ E633 is vegan
√ E634 is vegan
? E635 might not be vegan — Disodium 5′-ribonucleotides
√ E636 is vegan
√ E637 is vegan
Flavour Enhancers — Others
? E640 might not be vegan — Glycine and its sodium salt
Antibiotics
E700 – E799 — vegan status of the ingredients varies, but all will have been tested on animals
Glazing Agents, Gases and Sweeteners — Waxes
√ E900 is vegan
x E901 is not vegan — Beeswax, white and yellow
√ E902 is vegan
√ E903 is vegan
x E904 is not vegan — Shellac – Resin from Lac Bug
√ E905 is vegan
√ E905a is vegan
√ E905b is vegan
√ E905c is vegan
√ E906 is vegan
√ E907 is vegan
√ E908 is vegan
Glazing Agents, Gases and Sweetners — Synthetic Glazes
x E910 is not vegan — L-cysteine
√ E912 is vegan
x E913 is not vegan — Lanolin, sheep wool grease
√ E914 is vegan
√ E915 is vegan
Glazing Agents, Gases and Sweetners — Improving Agents
x E920 is not vegan — L-cysteine
x E921 is not vegan — L-cysteine
√ E922 is vegan
√ E923 is vegan
√ E924 is vegan
√ E925 is vegan
√ E926 is vegan
√ E927 is vegan
√ E297b is vegan
√ E928 is vegan
Glazing Agents, Gases and Sweeteners — Packaging Gases
√ E930 is vegan
√ E938 is vegan
√ E939 is vegan
√ E940 is vegan
√ E941 is vegan
√ E942 is vegan
√ E943a is vegan
√ E943b is vegan
√ E944 is vegan
√ E948 is vegan
√ E949 is vegan
Glazing Agents, Gases and Sweeteners — Sweeteners
√ E950 is vegan
√ E951 is vegan
√ E952 is vegan
√ E953 is vegan
√ E954 is vegan
√ E955 is vegan
√ E957 is vegan
√ E959 is vegan
√ E965 is vegan
x E966 is not vegan — Lactitol
√ E967 is vegan
Glazing Agents, Gases and Sweetners — Foaming Agents
√ E999 is vegan
Additional Chemicals
√ E1103 is vegan
√ E1105 is vegan
√ E1106 is vegan
√ E1107 is vegan
√ E1108 is vegan
√ E1109 is vegan
√ E1110 is vegan
√ E1111 is vegan
√ E1112 is vegan
√ E1113 is vegan
√ E1114 is vegan
√ E1115 is vegan
√ E1116 is vegan
√ E1117 is vegan
√ E1118 is vegan
√ E1119 is vegan
√ E1120 is vegan
√ E1121 is vegan
√ E1122 is vegan
√ E1123 is vegan
√ E1124 is vegan
√ E1125 is vegan
√ E1126 is vegan
√ E1127 is vegan
√ E1128 is vegan
√ E1129 is vegan
√ E1130 is vegan
√ E1131 is vegan
√ E1132 is vegan
√ E1133 is vegan
√ E1134 is vegan
√ E1135 is vegan
√ E1136 is vegan
√ E1137 is vegan
√ E1138 is vegan
√ E1139 is vegan
√ E1140 is vegan
√ E1141 is vegan
√ E1142 is vegan
√ E1143 is vegan
√ E1144 is vegan
√ E1145 is vegan
√ E1146 is vegan
√ E1147 is vegan
√ E1148 is vegan
√ E1149 is vegan
√ E1150 is vegan
√ E1151 is vegan
√ E1152 is vegan
√ E1153 is vegan
√ E1154 is vegan
√ E1155 is vegan
√ E1156 is vegan
√ E1157 is vegan
√ E1158 is vegan
√ E1159 is vegan
√ E1160 is vegan
√ E1161 is vegan
√ E1162 is vegan
√ E1163 is vegan
√ E1164 is vegan
√ E1165 is vegan
√ E1166 is vegan
√ E1167 is vegan
√ E1168 is vegan
√ E1169 is vegan
√ E1170 is vegan
√ E1171 is vegan
√ E1172 is vegan
√ E1173 is vegan
√ E1174 is vegan
√ E1175 is vegan
√ E1176 is vegan
√ E1177 is vegan
√ E1178 is vegan
√ E1179 is vegan
√ E1180 is vegan
√ E1181 is vegan
√ E1182 is vegan
√ E1183 is vegan
√ E1184 is vegan
√ E1185 is vegan
√ E1186 is vegan
√ E1187 is vegan
√ E1188 is vegan
√ E1189 is vegan
√ E1190 is vegan
√ E1191 is vegan
√ E1192 is vegan
√ E1193 is vegan
√ E1194 is vegan
√ E1195 is vegan
√ E1196 is vegan
√ E1197 is vegan
√ E1198 is vegan
√ E1199 is vegan
√ E1200 is vegan
√ E1201 is vegan
√ E1202 is vegan
√ E1400 is vegan
√ E1401 is vegan
√ E1402 is vegan
√ E1403 is vegan
√ E1404 is vegan
√ E1410 is vegan
√ E1412 is vegan
√ E1413 is vegan
√ E1414 is vegan
√ E1420 is vegan
√ E1421 is vegan
√ E1422 is vegan
√ E1430 is vegan
√ E1440 is vegan
√ E1441 is vegan
√ E1442 is vegan
√ E1450 is vegan
√ E1451 is vegan
√ E1505 is vegan
√ E1510 is vegan
√ E1518 is vegan
√ E1520 is vegan
Conclusion
As complicated as e numbers appear at first glance, it seems that most of them are vegan. This doesn’t mean they are healthy. It also doesn’t mean they aren’t tested on animals. If you want to be healthy and be sure of making cruelty-free choices then it’s better to choose a whole food, high-nutrient, vegan diet with easy to understand lists of ingredients.
Take a look at the Ultimate A-Z Guide to Vegan Supplements to find out about important nutrients you may be missing from your diet.
Author Karen Johnson
Karen is passionate about vegan education, health, nutrition and fitness. She is a Nutritarian Coach certified with Joel Fuhrman M.D. Karen founded Elated Vegan in 2007 to raise awareness for farmed animals, and added the Elated Vegan Health marketplace in 2020 to source vegan supplements, and help people be healthy vegans.